|
William McIntosh (1775 – April 30, 1825),〔Hoxie, « McIntosh, William, Jr. »〕 also known as ''Taskanugi Hatke'' (White Warrior), was one of the most prominent chiefs of the Creek Nation between the turn of the nineteenth century and the time of Creek removal to Indian Territory. He was a leader of the Lower Towns, the Creek who were adapting European-American ways and tools to incorporate into their culture. He became a planter who owned slaves and also had a ferry business. Because McIntosh led a group that negotiated and signed a treaty in 1825 to cede much of remaining Creek lands to the United States in violation of Creek law, for the first time the Council ordered that a Creek be executed for crimes against the Nation.〔 It sentenced him and other signatories to death. McIntosh was executed by Menewa and a large force of Law Menders in late April 1825; two other signatories were executed and one was shot but escaped. Menewa signed a treaty in 1826 that was similar, but that the Council had agreed to and that provided more benefits to the Creek. For decades, European-American historians attributed McIntosh's achievements and influence to his mixed race and Scots/European ancestry. Since the late 20th century, historians have better understood that he was raised Creek and how his power related to his mother's prominent Wind Clan in the Creek matrilineal system, and to other aspects of Creek culture.〔(Theda Perdue, ''Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South'' (Google eBook) ), University of Georgia Press, 2003, pp. 33-34〕 McIntosh's descendants removed with the Creek people to Indian Territory. His two sons served as Confederate officers during the American Civil War. Three of his daughters: Rebecca, Delilah and Catherine, moved to East Texas with their husbands, developing plantations there. Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins Hagerty married again after her first husband died young, and by 1860 was the wealthiest woman in Texas, owning three plantations with a total of 12,800 acres, and 120 slaves.〔〔 ==Early life and education== ''Taskanugi Hatke'' (White Warrior) was born in the Lower Town of Coweta in present-day Georgia to ''Senoya'' (also spelled ''Senoia'' and ''Senoy''〔), a member of the Wind Clan, which was prominent in the Creek Nation. As the Creek had a matrilineal kinship system, through which property and hereditary positions were passed, his mother's status determined that of White Warrior. The boy was also named after his father, the Scots-American Captain William McIntosh, who was connected to a prominent Savannah, Georgia family. Captain McIntosh, a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War, had worked with the Creek to recruit them as military allies to the British.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/america/chief_macintosh.htm )〕 The senior McIntosh's mother was Jennet (or Janet in some sources) McGillivray, believed to have been a sister of the Scot Lachlan McGillivray, a wealthy fur trader and planter in Georgia. They were of the Clan MacGillivray Chiefs Lineage). After the Revolutionary War, Captain McIntosh moved from the frontier to Savannah to settle. There he married a paternal cousin, Barbara McIntosh.〔Griffith (1988), ''McIntosh and Weatherford,'' p. 3〕 White Warrior gained his status and place among the Creek from his mother's clan. Benjamin Hawkins, first appointed as United States Indian agent in the Southeast and then as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the territory south of the Ohio River, lived among the Creek and Choctaw, and knew them well. He commented in letters to President Thomas Jefferson that Creek women were matriarchs and had control of children "when connected with a white man."〔Griffith, Jr., Benjamin W. ''McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders,'' Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1998, pp. 10-11 (online edition )〕 Hawkins further observed that even wealthy traders were nearly as "inattentive" to their mixed-race children as "the Indians". What he did not understand about the Creek culture was that the children had a closer relationship with their mother's eldest brother than with their biological father, because of the importance of the clan structure.〔〔 The son McIntosh was considered a skilled orator and politician; he became a wealthy planter and slaveholder; and he was influential in both Creek and European-American society.〔 One of his cousins was George Troup, who became governor of Georgia when McIntosh was a prominent chief. Whites sometimes mistakenly assumed that McIntosh had centralize authority over the Creek, but he was still among numerous chiefs and the central power became the Creek National Council, especially after it adopted the Code of 1818. For generations, Creek chiefs had approved their daughters' marriages to fur traders in order to strengthen their alliances and trading power with the wealthy Europeans.〔 Through both his mother and father, McIntosh was related to numerous other influential Creek chiefs, several of whom were of mixed race. They were descendants of strategic marriages between high-status Creek women and the mostly Scots fur traders in the area.〔 The most prominent were Alexander McGillivray (1750-1793), the son of Sehoy, a Wind Clan mother, and Lachlan McGillivray; and William Weatherford (better known in history as Red Eagle or ''Lamochatta'') (c.1780-1824), also born to the Wind Clan. Both McIntosh and Weatherford became well established as Creek chiefs and wealthy planters, but Weatherford was aligned with the traditionalist Red Sticks of the Upper Towns in the period of the Creek Wars. He and McIntosh, who was with the Lower Towns, were opposed to each other during the conflict. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William McIntosh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|